This protein, which is phosphorylated following phorbol ester stimulation, is important for the nervous system. It causes brain cell differentiation, stimulates neural regeneration and inhibits tumor cell proliferation. Overexpression of GMF in astrocytes has been shown to enhance brain-derived neurotrohic factor (BDNF) production. GMF expression is increased by exercise, and the protein is crucial for exercise-induction of BDNF. Through BDNF production, GMF appears to play a role in neuroprotection. In thymoma, T-cell development is maintained by GMF-∫ being produced by the tumor cells.