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FAQ—Summary of Nanotechnology Knowled
FAQ Documentation——Summary of nanotechnology knowledge
| Q01: | Can graphene oxide dispersion be adjusted in pH with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid? |
| A01: | Normally, graphene oxide dispersion exhibits acidic properties. Adjusting the pH of graphene oxide dispersion with sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is feasible, and such manipulation alters the zeta potential on the surface of graphene oxide. Adding appropriate amounts of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid for pH adjustment does not compromise its dispersibility. However, excessive addition can lead to aggregation of graphene oxide, thereby reducing its dispersibility and potentially causing irreversible reduction reactions. |
| Q02: | How can we achieve better dispersion uniformity during the preparation of graphene oxide-chitosan membranes? |
| A02: | Disperse GO and chitosan separately, adding a small amount of surfactant to one of the phases. Following homogenization of the two phases, employ intense rod-type ultrasonication for dispersion. |
| Q03: | When preparing GO using the modified Hummers method, can ultrasonication be used before centrifugation to accelerate dispersion, or will premature ultrasonic centrifugation result in losses? |
| A03: | Ultrasonication facilitates the exfoliation of graphite oxide, causing swelling and dissolution. Consequently, centrifugation purification of ultrasonicated GO is challenging, ultimately leading to significant GO losses. |
| Q04: | Does graphene oxide have good water solubility? Why do I observe small particles in my graphene oxide dispersion in water? |
| A04: | Normally, graphene oxide disperses well in aqueous solutions. The presence of small particles in graphene oxide dispersions in water could be attributed to incompletely oxidized graphite fragments, which can be removed through centrifugation. Alternatively, employing intense ultrasonication can enhance the degree of exfoliation and GO's dispersion properties, thereby reducing the number of black particles to some extent. |
| Q05: | What instrument is typically used for the ultrasonic dispersion of graphene oxide? I'm using an ultrasonic cell disrupter. Could this damage the structure of graphene oxide? |
| A05: | Ultrasonication accelerates the dispersion of graphite oxide but may also damage its structure to some extent. Therefore, the duration of ultrasonication should be kept short. For GO with good dispersibility, a standard ultrasonic machine is sufficient. For GO with poor dispersibility or that has been stored for an extended period, a cell disrupter (with a power of 300W) operated for 10 minutes can be used with minimal structural damage. |
| Q06: | After ultrasonicating graphene oxide (GO) for one and a half hours at 53kHz, significant sediment is still observed at the bottom. How can we achieve uniform dispersion? |
| A06: | 1,Prolonged ultrasonication is not always beneficial. As the water bath temperature rises, partial deoxygenation of GO during the process can occur, leading to decreased dispersibility. 2, During ultrasonication, using a pipette to assist in stirring and dispersing GO particles as much as possible can significantly aid in achieving uniform dispersion. 3, If the dispersion of GO powder is poor, attempting to use a cell disrupter or adjusting the pH by adding a small amount of ammonia water or n-butylamine to the dispersion can help enhance the dispersion of GO. |
| Q07: | How can graphene oxide (GO) powder be efficiently dispersed in organic solvents? |
| A07: | Firstly, the drying process of GO powder significantly impacts its dispersibility. GO powder obtained through vacuum drying exhibits inferior redispersibility compared to that obtained through freeze-drying. Although shaking can transform it into a suspension, true dispersion and dissolution are not achieved. If the pH requirement is not stringent, a small amount of amine compounds can generally be used to adjust and improve the dispersion. |
| Q08: | What diluent should be used to add graphene oxide dispersion to epoxy zinc-rich primer, which can both dilute the primer and effectively disperse graphene? |
| A08: | 1,Typically, toluene and n-butanol are used, but neither can form a true solution of graphene oxide; only a dispersion suspension can be considered. 2,Directed organic system dispersion modification or functionalization of graphene can be performed. 3,Directly purchasing graphene dispersion or slurry with the same solvent system as the epoxy zinc-rich primer is an option. |
| Q09: | Does your product exhibit incomplete dispersion even under high-power ultrasonication? |
| A09: | Our product is typically dispersed using water bath ultrasonication with a power of 80-100W for 10 minutes. We ourselves use an ultrasonic power of 60-80W at room temperature for 2 minutes to achieve dispersion. For better exfoliation, it is recommended to use low temperature and ultrasonicate for 10 minutes. |
| Q10: | The polyethylene glycol-modified graphene oxide (PEG-GO) exhibits excellent dispersibility in water prior to drying. However, upon undergoing precooling at -80°C followed by vacuum freeze-drying, the resulting product forms a spongy solid that fails to redissolve even after ultrasonic treatment. May I inquire about the potential causes of this issue? |
| A10: | It is possible that the high molecular weight of PEG adhered to the high surface energy of graphene oxide, leading to interlayer adhesion. Choosing a low molecular weight PEG can often mitigate this phenomenon. |
| Q11: | What are the structural differences between graphene and graphite? |
| A11: | Graphite is composed of layers of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-like, ordered plane. When a graphite sheet is exfoliated into a single layer, this single-atom-thick sheet of graphite is referred to as monolayer graphene. |
| Q12: | What is the thickness of a monolayer of graphene? |
| A12: | The thickness of a monolayer of graphene is 0.335 nm, approximately one-two-hundred-thousandth of the diameter of a human hair. |
| Q13: | What are the structural differences between graphene, carbon nanotubes, and carbon black? |
| A13: | Microscopically, graphene is a two-dimensional sheet, carbon nanotubes are one-dimensional in the form of lines, while carbon black is zero-dimensional, appearing as particles. |
| Q14: | What chemicals are required for the preparation of graphene oxide using the Hummers' method? |
| A14: | The Hummers' method requires chemicals such as concentrated sulfuric acid, potassium permanganate, distilled water, and hydrogen peroxide. |
| Q15: | Is graphene temperature-resistant? |
| A15: | Yes, graphene is temperature-resistant due to its primary composition of carbon and its stable crystal lattice structure, which endows it with a higher heat resistance than typical polymeric materials. |
| Q16: | Does graphene oxide exhibit agglomeration in alkaline solutions? |
| A16: | The occurrence of agglomeration in alkaline solutions for graphene oxide (GO) is conditional. GO can remain stable under weakly alkaline conditions, but agglomeration tends to occur when the pH exceeds 11. This may be attributed to the adsorption of GO and metal ions, which alters the zeta potential of the layers, causing them to attract each other. This is consistent with GO's negative zeta potential. Furthermore, deoxygenation can occur under alkaline and heated conditions, but if the color darkens due to pH changes, it may not be solely a deoxygenation reaction but rather related to changes in the degree of electronic conjugation within GO. |
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